Reviving Ophelia - 1717 Words

The book, Reviving Ophelia, is about the hardships girls go through when they are growing up and trudging through puberty. As the author Mary Pipher states it, adolescent girls tend to lose their â€Å"true selves† in order to fit in and comply with the standards that society sets for women. Pipher, a practicing therapist, uses her own case studies to show how pressures put on girls forces them to react in often damaging ways. In most case studies she tells the audience how she helped these girls heal and regain control of their lives. It seems that her primary goal is to warn people of what certain effects can have on girls and what not to do. The one thing that Pipher tends to overlook is what parents can do right to raise healthy†¦show more content†¦Another way that girls chose to deal with their problems is to block it out with the use of drugs and/or alcohol. Pipher explains, â€Å"Often heavy chemical abuse is a red flag that points to other issues such as despair, social anxiety, problems with friends or family, pressure to achieve, negative sexual experiences, or difficulty finding a positive identity† (191). I think that if society didn’t demand so much of girls they would be much better off. The main goal is to gain popularity when that shouldn’t be the case. Girls should want to follow their hearts and do the things that they want to do rather than being pressured into doing what everyone else wants to do. Some girls are worse off than other though. The ones that do better at keeping their â€Å"true selves† are the ones who have had more supportive parents. After reading this book, I decided that the best parents were the ones that loved their children at all times. They are the parents that allow their children to make decisions for themselves, but are always there to intervene and point down the right path. The best parents will keep their children active and still respect their decisions; as Pipher says, â€Å"Both families were reasonably protective and yet allowed the daughters freedom to grow in their own direction† (99). â€Å"Teenagers need parents who will talk to them, supervise them, help them stay organized, and support them when they are down† (134). To me that isShow MoreRelatedReviving Ophelia Essay914 Words   |  4 Pages Reviving Ophelia nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;Mary Pipher, author of the book Reviving Ophelia, has made many observations concerning young adolescent girls in our society. She wrote this book in 1994, roughly eleven years ago. Although some of her observations made in the past are not still accurate in today’s world, there are many that are still present in 2005. The primary focus of Pipher’s comments is to explain how young girls are no longer being protected within our society. nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;ThisRead More Reviving Ophelia Essay example1902 Words   |  8 PagesReviving Ophelia Adolescent girls growing up in today’s society endure many more hardships than in previous years. Adolescence is no longer a time of endless sunny days spent on the back porch with a glass of country time lemonade and a smile extending ear to ear. Adolescence for girls is now generalized as a dark and depressing period of life that often seems hopeless and never ending. Mary Pipher PH.D tries to illustrate just how drastically life has changed over the years for teenage girlsRead MoreThe Growth And Development Of Adolescence : Reviving Ophelia Essay1595 Words   |  7 Pagesrequired to read three books regarding the growth and development of adolescence; Reviving Ophelia by Mary Pipher, Ph.D., Boys Adrift by Leonard Sax, M.D., Ph.D., and The Teenage Brain by Frances E. Jensen, M.D. with Amy Ellis Nutt. Each book was for a different audience because they’re all discussing different topics but they all discuss the growth and development of adolescences in our society . Reviving Ophelia discusses the different types of scenarios Dr. Pipher faced in her practice with teenageRead MoreEssay on Book Report on Reviving Ophelia by Dr. Pipher1488 Words   |  6 PagesReviving Ophelia Dr. Pipher remembers her cousin Polly as a young girl. She describes her as energy in motion. A tomboy, Polly dances, plays sports with the neighborhood boys, and rides horses. Once Polly enters adolescence, however, other children begin teasing her about her tomboyish ways and insist that she be more ladylike. The boys exclude her from their activities, and the girls isolate her because she is different. Polly becomes confused and withdrawn. Later, Polly begins wearingRead MoreReviving Opheli Saving The Selves Of Adolescent Girls1360 Words   |  6 PagesReviving Ophelia: Saving the Selves of Adolescent Girls, is author, Mary Pipher’s attempt to understand her experiences in therapy with adolescent girls (Pipher, p. 11). In the text adolescence is described as a border between childhood and adulthood (Pipher, p. 292). In her quest to understand adolescent girls, Pipher attempts to answer these questions: Why are so many girls in therapy in the 1990s? Why are there more self-mutilators? What is the meaning of lip, nose and eyebrow piercings? HowRead MoreHow Gender Role Socialization Effects Girls More Specifically, Depending On The Teenage Girls Developmental Level1280 Words   |  6 Pagesdecisions concerning how they will act, with who they will associate with, and what life decisions they will choose. Ultimately, the progression by which they determine their identity must inevitability be one of trial an d error. In the book Reviving Ophelia, clinical psychologist Dr. Mary Pipher discusses the social and cultural pressures faced by today s adolescent girls based on her individual clients’ stories. This paper will examine how gender role socialization effects girls more specificallyRead MoreThe Portrayal of Ophelia on Stage Over the Years959 Words   |  4 Pages------------------------------------------------- Portrayal Mary Catherine Bolton (afterwards Lady Thurlow) (1790-1830) as Ophelia in 1813, opposite  John Philip Kembles Hamlet While it is known that  Richard Burbage  played Hamlet in Shakespeares time, there is no evidence of who played Ophelia; since there were no professional actresses on the public stage in  Elizabethan England, we may be certain that she was played by a boy.[11] The  early modern  stage in England had an established set of  emblematic  conventions  forRead MoreReviving Opheli Saving The Selves Of Adolescent Girls881 Words   |  4 PagesWhile reading Mary Pipher’s, â€Å"Reviving Ophelia: Saving the Selves of Adolescent Girls† and Dan Kindlon and Michael Thompson’s, â€Å"Raising Cain: Protecting the Emotional Life of Boys,† I got a better understanding of the mindsets of teenagers in todays society. I learned that countless girls and boys have the same inner battles and do not even realize it. The two songs I chose that best represent ideas of woman and manhood are â€Å"Unpretty,† by TLC and â€Å"Stan,† by Eminem. I believe these songs support manyRead MoreEssay on Women Dont Exist in Their Own Right in the Play1641 Words   |  7 Pageswhat exactly do we mean? In my opinion the way the female characters, Ophelia and Gertrude, in `Hamlet exist, is the way in which they live, the way t hey are viewed by others in the play, and the way would be perceived by us, or the Elizabethan audience. We have to see exactly who the male characters are, and the different parts they play. In addition, this essay will attempt to discover exactly how Shakespeare used Ophelia and Gertrude for the plot, and consider if they exist in their own rightRead More Hamlet - Shakespeares Ophelia as Modern Icon Essay3388 Words   |  14 PagesShakespeares Ophelia as Modern Icon Shakespeares Ophelia is not lacking in attention. As one of Shakespeares most popular female characters she has enjoyed many appellations from the bard. Fair Ophelia. Most beautified Ophelia. Pretty Ophelia. Sweet Ophelia. Dear Ophelia. Beautiful Ophelia†¦sweet maid†¦poor wretch. Poor Ophelia. (Vest 1) All of these names for Ophelia can be found in Shakespeares The Tragedy of Hamlet, Prince of Denmark. Since Shakespeares incarnation of Ophelia many

How Literature Impacts Society Essay - 647 Words

How Literature Impacts Society Literature has been crucial to communities since language was tailored and used by people as a form of communication. Literature takes the reader out of their world and brings them into the author’s world. It makes people think outside their normal box if you will. Literature can bring people of different backgrounds, cultures, and ways life together. When people relate through a piece of literature, it really makes you think that you’re not alone and that someone else has been through what you are going through. The way authors are able to grab you with how the characters are feeling or what they are looking at brings the reader into that story. If you read a piece of literature that contains information†¦show more content†¦But in the story most memorable part is the fact that this man before he changed into a huge insect was such a good person. He cared for his family and had such an enormous heart for them. He worked hard every day so that his family could have a better life. He paid off his parent’s debt and the irony of the story is when he turned into an insect his family disowned him. They mistreated him and all they care about was how the bills were going to get paid. Even though this piece of literature is very dream like the main idea of this man being a workhorse for his family and finally when he needed them the most they disowned him. Readers of all societies can relate to how the main character felt. It’s very difficult as a person to understand how other people live their lives or why they do the things they do. Through literature authors make that possible for a reader to truly experience what another person is feeling and thinking. We as readers can travel back in time to see how societies were or we can travel around the world to see how people live in different parts of the world without leaving the comfort of our own homes through literature. Through literature we are able to gain knowledge and use it to better our own society. References DiYanni, R (2007) Literature: Reading Fiction, Poetry, and Drama (6th ed.) New York:Show MoreRelated** Due Saturday. Upload By Noon If Finished Them.. Maya1645 Words   |  7 PagesIntroduction: What is the relationship between how a public health issue is framed and how efficiently a Multinational Corporation can be held accountable? Using the case studies of the Tobacco Industry and the case specific Fossil Fuel Industry, ExxonMobil, I intend to research the impacts of the impact framing an issue framed has on the effectiveness of holding an industry accountable for their violations. To determine how the issue was framed in the eyes of society, I will try to establish the various actorsRead MoreCan Literature Spark Cultural Difference?1185 Words   |  5 Pages Can literature spark cultural difference? â€Å"A Little child with such a big heart that will be broken en crumbled everything falls apart†. A literature poem that is beautifuly and creatvly assembled using words. This poem has a deap meaning about out society and how we indivaduals are so influnced by it. Eventually, society corruptes our purity and made us crumble until everything falled apart. In this world, literature is used and seen in many different forms, and through this forms we see profoundRead MoreA Dystopian Society Is An Imbalance Between The Government And The People Essay1372 Words   |  6 PagesLuigi Zavala Ms. Underhill 6 HELA 21 November 2016 Thesis Statement: A dystopian society is an imbalance between the government and the people and how their choices affect the society in a bad way; Adolf Hitler’s Nazi Germany is a very good example of a dystopian society. By analyzing Nazi Germany and Hitler’s tyranny, one can notice Adolf’s changes in Germany, his impacts on people, and how the genres of literature can be taught through dystopia. Outline Introductory Paragraph with thesis ChangesRead MoreEffects Of Social Class On British Literature1113 Words   |  5 Pagesconflicts in British/World Literature made a significant impact throughout the history of literature. The effects of social conflict throughout literature dictates the lives and how they shape literature within novels and throughout the world. Social class in British Literature had a tremendous presence and the force of class difference in literature are self evident. Which leads a reader to ask â€Å" How did social class affect literature?† and â€Å" What was its purpose on literature?† The goal of this paperRead MoreGeoffrey Chaucer s Impact On Literature1231 Words   |  5 PagesGeoffrey Chaucer’s Impact on Literature: English poet Geoffrey Chaucer is acclaimed to be one of the best and most influential poets in history. Geoffrey Chaucer wrote several famous literary works in what is called middle English. Geoffrey Chaucer was born in 1340 in London, England. Over the course of Chaucer’s life, he entered and exited several different social classes. He began to write his most known pieces when he became a public servant to Countess Elizabeth of Ulster in 1357. He diedRead MoreThe Impact of Media on LGBTQ1161 Words   |  5 Pagesis an important agent in our society. It shapes ideas and creates movements that cultivate our country. It can do something as little as providing an entertaining element in our lives to something as big as starting a revolution. Throughout history media has played an integral role in the progression in ideas that were considered socially deviant. From war propaganda to abortion, media has provided a method of getting the word out. Media has particularly had a n impact on the LGBTQ community. It hasRead MoreThe Opposition Of Dracula And Its Influences On Vampire Literature1467 Words   |  6 Pagesvampire literature Have you ever thought to yourself, what has influenced vampire literature today? Well, neither have I, but it wouldn’t hurt to touch on the subject. Dracula introduces the idea of lust and death within vampirism. Also, there are many connections that I make throughout this essay between Dracula and I am Legend, proving that Dracula was an influence on the book. The opposition of Dracula has had great influences on vampire literature.We see that these two pieces of literature are soRead MoreSocial Issues In American Literature972 Words   |  4 Pages American Literature from its beginnings is shaped by a demand towards reforming society by bringing awareness towards towards social issues and a need to question societal norms.American literature from its beginnings has focused around establishing the American identity , and has also served as a means to address social issues that have plagues American society. The three authors that are representative of these ideals are t he following; Hector De St John Crevecoeur Benjamin Franklin, andRead MoreVoices Beyond Exploitation : Gender Norms And Racial Bias1657 Words   |  7 Pagesadvocated for equal rights began to write down their personal stories of how slavery and social restrictions have impacted their lives. At first they would write in small paragraphs and poems, but later they would create collections of slave and feminist literature, that once published reached a range of people across the world. They would often write literature that would express their personal thoughts while exploring the impacts of oppression, restriction of freedom and religious beliefs had. SlaveryRead MoreCriticism In Kate Chopins The Story Of An Hour830 Words   |  4 Pages Upon my first introduction to Creole/ Cajun accented style of literation, it was almost impossible not to notice the influence of nineteenth century Louisiana life style, the climate of the region, and the cultural impact on its’ literature. Without any introduction to any other writer with this kind of writing style to verify my assertion of Kate Chopin’s work, nonetheless Chopin does a brilliant job of exhibiting her Creole background in her work coherently. Although many may argue that modern

Critical lens essay Free Essays

Critical Lens Essay Free Essays â€Å"All literature shows us the power of emotion. It is emotion, not reason, that motivates characters in literature,† as said by Duff Brenna. This quote means that characters act on their emotions rather than on logic. We will write a custom essay sample on Critical Lens Essay or any similar topic only for you Order Now They do not think before they act, they just react to the situation. This quote is true based on many pieces of literature. Two pieces in particular that prove this are the play Othello by William Shakespeare and the play Medea by Euripides. In the Shakespeare play Othello, the protagonist is fooled by his best friend, the antagonist Iago, into thinking that his wife, Desdemona, is cheating on him. Iago tricks Othello into thinking she is unfaithful. Othello then decides that the only way he can deal with her unfaithfulness is by killing her. Rather than questioning whether or not Desdemona did cheat on him, Othello acts on his emotion. He does not think his plan through; each conflict that he deals with is handled through his blinded emotion rather than his logic and reasoning. In the tragic end, Othello realizes that everything was a lie and he was tricked by Iago. In his last action based on his emotions, he killed himself. The play, Medea by Euripides deals with the same type of protagonist. Medea, the great sorceress was betrayed by her husband, Jason. He promised her a happy life in his home country, but later leaves her for a new woman. He tells her that he is marrying the princess to secure his family line, but it is a lie. Medea is so hurt by his betrayal that not only does she kill his bride to be, but she also murders her children. Both decisions were made out of emotion; she was jealous of the princess and she didn’t want her sons to deal with her shame. She did not think clearly about either murder, she acted based on her emotions at the time. Tragically, again, people died because the protagonist did not think their plans through. Both plays deal with characters acting through their emotions. If Medea or Othello had taken the time to think about their actions, then each play would not have ended so tragically. Othello kills himself because of what he had done and Medea flees the country, alone, because she fears her life is in danger. This illustrates that characters who act through their emotions are later punished in one way or another. â€Å"All literature shows us the power of emotion. It is emotion, not reason, that motivates characters in literature. † Duff Brenna is stating that all characters tend to act without thinking. By doing so, often times they regret what they have done and makes them act out again. In the case of Medea and Othello, both characters committed murder based on an emotion and later on regretted it. How to cite Critical Lens Essay, Essay examples

Compare And Contrast The Treatment Of Rhetoric †MyAssignmenthelp.com

Question: Compare And Contrast The Treatment Of Rhetoric In The Political Thought Of Plato And Aristotle. Which View Do You Find More Compelling? Answer: Introduction The rhetoric can be defined as the art discourse, in which the writer tends to persuade or inform a particular section of population or the audience (Jewel, 2016). Aristotle has given the best definition of rhetoric whichopines that rhetoric can be defined as the combination of both politics and logic. The rhetoric is considered as one of the most important works on persuasion. As compared to Aristotle, the theories of Plato mention that the subsequent theories of rhetoric are considered as response to the original theory being created by Aristotle (Goulimari, 2014). This can be attributed to the disciplinary divisions, which can be dated back to Peter Ramus attacks on Aristotle. This essay would analyze the different perspectives of both Aristotle and Plato. It would also argue on the views, which becomes more appealing. Discussion Platos opinion regarding the rhetoriccant be considered as high opinion since in the Gorgias, the concept of rhetoric was compared to that of sham which misguided men to counsel with underlying principles (Cope, 2015). He argued that the rhetoric has the power to stand up against everyone else and it can win over vast multitudes of everything. He also supports the fact that if a man, after learning rhetoric, misuses his power, then it is not justifiable to ban and detest his teacher (Cope, 2015). This is because of the fact the teacher cannot be blamed for his teachings. He may have imparted instructions that were to be used in the right context, but the pupil may have made wrong use of the same. Plato concluded that it is correct to detest the concerned misuser, kill him and instead spare his teacher (Cornford, 2014). The primary function of the rhetoric is to lead the souls and master this art form (Dominik, 2014). Plato engaged in the idea of exploring the nature of soul, on which rhetoric was to be used. He pondered upon the idea whether the soul was uniform, one or there are several kinds of the soul (Cope, 2015). If there is existence of different kinds of souls, then Plato also pondered that whether the power of acting belonged to each individual soul or the overall ones (Kastely, 2015). Plato found that the implications of this technique is interesting. One leader who is aware of the human nature should possess a diabolical power or divine power so that he can use the human beings in a way he wishes to (Cope, 2015). In this situation, Plato has made a distinction between non-philosophical and philosophical uses of this art (Hegel, 2015). He opined the fact that a genuine rhetorician should be aware of the truth of the matters for the reason he is engaging in pursuing his people (Morrow, 195 3, pp. 241). A man should know the difference between two fundamental units so that he can actually persuade the people in a better way. As compared to the views of Plato, rhetoric view of Aristotle usually focuses on the aspects of pathos and ethos. Both these concepts have been known to affect judgment (FurleyNehamas, 2015). The ethos and pathos are known to affect the audience when it is important for the speaker to engage in persuasion with the audience. A third type of appeal was also pointed by Aristotle that is concerned with the logos, which the writer or the speaker should use a tool for persuasion (Hegel, 2015). Aristotle argued that the ethos is portrayed during the act of persuasion and it is concerned with the characteristics of the speaker. There are three basic pre-requisites which are needed to appear credible (Hegel, 2015).They are competence, empathy and good intention (Yack, 2006, pp. 421). The speakers ethos is usually transmitted through the modes of self-portrayal, which is influenced further by paraverbal and non-verbal factors (Gallez Reynders, 2015). There is no general good or general bad whi ch is relevant in impressionmanagement and self-portrayal. Each action should always be interpreted in the proper context of the situation or the speech (Hegel, 2015). On the other hand, pathos discloses the emotional influence of the speaker on the audience. The primary objective of the pathos is to minimize the ability of the person to judge. There is one possibility of using by the method of figure of speech (Gallez Reynders, 2015). The figures should be used to use specific content as well as arguments in background or foreground. Aristotle also focused on the idea of logos, which is an appeal towards the logical reasoning (Hegel, 2015). This enables the speakers to demonstrate the argument which appears sound to the audience. For the purpose of argumentation of the arguments, the various kinds of proofs as well as reasoning are of primary concern. The proofs can comprise of both natural as well as artificial proofs (Gallez Reynders, 2015). The natural proofs are the ones in wh ich different kinds of data such as testimonies and documents are being given. On the other hand, the technical proofs are the ones which comprise of a combination of information as well as the art of logic. He observed that the tools of rhetoric were being used to manipulate the emotion of others by the omission of several facts (Gallez Reynders, 2015). He opined that logic is often closely related with reasoning so that a level of scientific certainty can be reached. Rhetoric was often compared with persuading the general audience by the use of probable knowledge so that the practical issues can be resolved. The works of Aristotle was based on hypothesis, observation and experimentation, while the works of Plato was based on virtue and morality (Baer, 2015). The works of Plato had lengthy discussions on various matters of courage, wisdom and justice. He also discusses the role of morality and ethics in philosophy and how the concept of rhetoric was formulated. The views of Aristotle arehighly critical regarding the ideal constitution which is being set by Plato Republic and on the grounds of political unity. It also overvalued political unity and it embraces communism system in which there is inimical to the human nature. I find that the views of Aristotle were more compelling since he believed in the fact that this technique can be used to educate others. On the other hand, Plato believed in the fact that the rhetoric was considered as an evil since it often persuaded others to act in a poor way. Aristotle view was mostly based on the fact that the truth can be reached through the use of intellects with the help of several tools such as affirmative, denial and others (Barnes, 2014). This also forms the crux of Aristotles views which would have a direct influence on the readers or the audience. The views of Aristotleare more ethical and believes in the fact that this can convince others to perform good as the character of the speaker is being taken into account (Gallez Reynders, 2015). He also trusted the good character of the speaker, which would make the readers to believe about the credibility of the content (Chroust, 2015). This was strictly refuted by Plato, who argued that the character of the s peaker could not be trusted and hence rhetoric would be unable to provide any good to the society (Gallez Reynders, 2015). There were significant differences between the ways rhetoric was viewed by both Aristotle and Plato. Aristotle was used to achieve the ideal state with the help of rhetoric and on the other hand, Plato believed in the fact that the rhetoric was unable to achieve the ideal state of convincing the audience. Aristotle believed that universal forms were not always attached to each other while Plato thought that experiments as well as reasoning are sufficient to establish a concept. On the other hand, Aristotle believed that experience and direct observation would be sufficient to establish the quality of an object. Conclusion The link between Aristotle and Plato is obvious and knowledge is considered as virtue. The knowing of the right thing would lead to automatic performance of the right thing. The act of rhetoric was used to influence or manipulate others by adjusting the factors of omitting facts and the manipulation of various emotions. Plato was involved in the blame as well as arrest of Socrates at the context of sophisticated rhetoric. The primary theory of Aristotle was based on the dialectic and logic factors. The rhetoric was considered as a practical debate for persuading the general audience by using the probable knowledge. This essay discussed several ways means of comparison between the views of Plato and Aristotle. The views of Aristotle were more compelling and this is because of the fact that he viewed rhetoric as an ethical one. References Baer, R. (2015). Ethics, values, virtues, and character strengths in mindfulness-based interventions: a psychological science perspective.Mindfulness,6(4), 956-969. Barnes, J. (Ed.). (2014).Complete Works of Aristotle, Volume 1: The Revised Oxford Translation(Vol. 1). Princeton University Press. Chroust, A. H. (2015).Aristotle: New Light on His Life and On Some of His Lost Works, Volume 2: Observations on Some of Aristotle's Lost Works. Routledge. Cope, P. E. M. (2015).Platos Gorgias. Scholars Choice. Cornford, F. M. (2014).Plato's cosmology: the Timaeus of Plato. Routledge. Dominik, W. J. (2014). Roman Poetry and Rhetoric: A Reminder of the Affinity between the two Arts.Akroterion,37(2). Furley, D. J., Nehamas, A. (Eds.). (2015).Aristotle's" Rhetoric": Philosophical Essays. Princeton University Press. Gallez, E., Reynders, A. (2015). Court interpreting and classical rhetoric: Ethos in interpreter-mediated monological discourse.Interpreting,17(1), 64-90. Goulimari, P. (2014).Literary Criticism and Theory: From Plato to Postcolonialism. Routledge. Hegel, G. W. F. (2015).The philosophy of right. Hackett Publishing. Jewel, L. A. (2016). Old-School Rhetoric and New-School Cognitive Science: The Enduring Power of Logocentric Categories. Kastely, J. L. (2015).The Rhetoric of Plato's Republic: Democracy and the Philosophical Problem of Persuasion. University of Chicago Press. Morrow, G. R. (1953). Plato's conception of persuasion.The Philosophical Review and management,62(2), 234-250. Yack, B. (2006). Rhetoric and public reasoning: An Aristotelian understanding of political deliberation.Political Theory,34(4), 417-438. Depew, D. J. (1996). Aristotle's" Rhetoric": An Art of Character.Journal of the History of Philosophy,34(3), 454-456. Minogue, K. (2006). Rationalism revisited.Society,43(2), 81-87. Quimby, R. W. (1974). The growth of Plato's perception of rhetoric.Philosophy Rhetoric, 71-79.

A History of African-Americans essays

A History of African-Americans essays It is often taught that the social and economic conditions of African Americans have been one of Americas greatest struggles. For some, the struggle continues, although changes are evident, it has in no way erased the damage that was inflicted. Others believe that the time has come to move on and consider racism and the residual effect of slavery as a thing of the past. However, its apparent that the conditions of African Americans have improved, and they are making noticeable contributions in the American Democracy. From slavery to today, many laws has been implemented which would normally restrict blacks from improving their social and economic standards. From the passing of the 14th Amendment to amending the Georgia State flag, laws are continually being updated to reflect Americas diversity in regards to African Americans and others. In this paper I will attempt to discuss the progressive improvements of African Americans from their arrival in America in the 15th century until the present day. During a time when it was easier to conform, rather than rebel, Rosa Park, chose the later. Her choice sparked the African American movement during the sixties, igniting others into the bus boycott in Selma Alabama. Today, blacks can now seat wherever they please, and in retrospect, many even sits on the Board of Directors for Transportation Authorities. Many black activists, such as Frederick Douglas, Sojourner Truth, Harriet Truman, and Martin Luther King, sacrificed themselves, and began the revolutionizing of America. Slavery, the condition in which one human being was owner by another. A slave was considered by law as property and was deprived of most of the rights ordinarily held by a free person. Slaves were used principally for personal and domestic service, including concubine. Generally the owner is responsible for providing minimal food, shelter and clothing. The first African brought to the E...

teenagers problems essays

teenagers problems essays Today in the modern society, there a lot of problems, especially problems related with teenagers. A lot of factors influenced in this situation. For example some teenagers felt lack of love from their parents. Another factor is the lack of education because of poverty. In most of the cases the problems deal with drugs, alcohol, prostitution, teen pregnancy, depression, etc. Drugs between teenagers is the most serious problem, because it causes a change in the behavior of any person and a physical change too. Most of the teenagers used them as an escape from their problems or sometimes they used them because of their friend's influence. Poor children used it too, to forget their cold and hunger. Alcoholism is a society's sickness that affects all people, from teenagers to older ones. It is consider as a modern way to have fun and if you drink alcohol you are accepted between your friends. People who drink alcohol think that they can forget their problems and go out from reality if they do that. I think it is very bad to drink alcohol because it can turn in an addiction and when a person drinks, he or she isn't in their 5 felts to take any decision. Another problem is the prostitution. Most teenagers have to do this because they don't find a good job and they need money. With this problem they can became sick with Aids and other diseases. Another consequence can be teen pregnancy because they don't have a good education and they don't know way to carry themselves. ...

The Concept of Price Elasticity of Demand Essay - 1

The Concept of Price Elasticity of Demand - Essay Example The sign of price elasticity is more frequently than not â€Å"negative although analysts tend to ignore the sign as it can lead to ambiguity†. However, the positive price elasticity of demand can be achieved for Giffen goods or goods that â€Å"do not conform to the Law of Demand†. A less than one value of price elasticity of demand value implies inelasticity of a good i.e. change in the price conditions seems to have a small effect on the quantity demanded of that good (Marquez, 2002, p. 22). The demand for a good is said to be elastic when the value of price elasticity is greater than one which small changes in the price level will have significant effects on the quantity demanded of that good. Revenue can be â€Å"maximized when the value of price elasticity of demand is equal to one†. The formula for the price elasticity of demand is provided below:   The term income elasticity of demand is used to define the change in demand conditions due to change in income of the consumers in an economy keeping other conditions as constant. A negative value of the income elasticity can be achieved in case of inferior goods where a rise in income of the consumers will lead to falling in demand for that good. A positive value of price elasticity of demand can be achieved in case of â€Å"normal goods where an increase in income will lead to rising in demand† conditions for that good whereas if the value of income elasticity of a good is less than one implies the good is a necessity good (Flynn and Antonioni, 2011, p. 124). Again â€Å"if the elasticity is greater than one then the good can be categorized as the luxury or superior good†.

Interpretation of Ethical Systems Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Interpretation of Ethical Systems - Essay Example Basing on ethical formalism, this act unacceptable because of the evil intentions and therefore, I would go ahead to fire him. The habit of employees stealing from workplace leads to losses. When this has happens, the employer is left with the burden of reviving the business alone or with the help of insurance companies, after a tedious and lengthy follow-up process. Being that the consequence of his action was going to hurt others, I will be justified to fire my classmate. All religions have some believes/commands that provide them with moral guidance. Despite the differences in these believes, all religions prohibit the willful commitment of wrong actions against others. My classmate is therefore not justified, no matter his type of religion. According to the natural law, what is good is what is natural and morality is what agrees with the natural world (Pollock, 2004). Stealing is an immoral act and therefore, an act against all people regardless of their

How to be a good parent Annotated Bibliography Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

How to be a good parent - Annotated Bibliography Example Make a schedule of their children, so that they can become responsible and confident in their future. For example, you have to make a habit of your children to do breakfast, lunch and dinner on time and complete homework in time. Play time should also be managed by the parents. In this book, writer tells the readers the ten basic principles to be a good parent. For example, writer tells parents should not be too strict and lenient. Parents should behave well in front of children because children learn behaviors from parents. Parents should be involved in their children lives so that they can judge what changes are occurring in their lives such as involvement in their likable sports, schools and friends etc. Parents should make rules and tell the boundaries of limits to their children so they can become responsible and stable minded person in the future. Give them independence and respect to their decisions, so that they can become respected and confident person in the life. In this book, writer focused the young parents rather than the experienced parents. He focused the young parents, because they are inexperienced and they do not know the behaviors of children properly. It is taught that in certain age such as in between 2 to 16 years, children’s behaviors are same. Then young parents should have knowledge to tackle with their behaviors. Young parents are inexperienced and they cannot understand the changing which is taking place in their children and what are the reasons behind this. Then this book has provided the information to tackle with these changing of behaviors of children effectively. Kerr, M., & Stattin, H. (2000). What parents know how they know it, and several forms of adolescent adjustment: further support for a reinterpretation of monitoring. Developmental psychology, 36(3), 366. In this book, writer told that observation is the most important thing for the children’s development

Hinduism And The Child Bearing Process Theology Religion Essay

Hinduism And The Child Bearing Process Theology Religion Essay Having a baby and changing your life with a new being is a very important part of life. Regardless of culture and traditions, it is a very special process for most mothers, fathers and families in all cultures around the world. This essay will look in depth into the ways the Hindu culture views child bearing, infant feeding, post partum beliefs and in general how their beliefs differ from our Canadian modernized culture. Child-bearing The Hindu religion in itself is a very tight-knit culture, relying a lot on the power of their Gods and finding enormous strength in the faith itself. The child-bearing process is no exception. Ceremonies are usually performed during pregnancy to ensure the health of the mother and growing child (Hindu, 2012). Initially at conception a ceremony called samskar is performed and this involves prayers of hope that a child will fulfill the parents obligation to continue the human race. There are rituals that the father practices with the mother such as the father parting the hair of the pregnant mother three times upward from the front to the back, this is believed to assure ripening of the embryo inside. Also, charms may be placed on or around the mother that ward off evil eyes and witches and demons. As the pregnancy advances there are a set of prayers that are held during a ceremony to continue the blessings of the mother and child. Between the fourth and seventh months of pregnancy a ceremony called Simantonnayana is held in which the father combs his wifes hair and expresses his love and support for her. Traditionally in the seventh month of pregnancy Hindus have another ritual that is performed which would be compared to a modernized Canadians version of a baby shower, this is called Seemantham. This event is organized by the family members and involves gift-giving and religious rituals. A prayer to fire is recited to sooth the expectant mother. Light instrumental music is played, and it is believed that this will refine the development of the babys ears (Hindu, 2012). During pregnancy the mother usually assumes a passive role and follows directions of the trained professionals (Leifer, 2011). During all examinations and the actual birthing process a female couch is usually preferred and they value the teachings of professionals. While the woman is in labour, her head is usually covered and if any examinations are to be done to the mother the husband must always be present. Rituals immediately following the birth of the child are practiced as well. Prior to the cutting of the umbilical cord, the father may touch the babys lips with a gold spoon or ring dipped in honey, curds and ghee. The word vak (meaning speech) is whispered three times into the right ear, and mantras (prayers) are chanted (Leifer, 2011). This ritual is normally called Jatakarma and is viewed as a sacrament or samskar. This ritual is given by the father to welcome and give blessings to ensure a long life, peace and to continue the generation of talent for the newborn child. After the newborn is delivered the sex of the child is not revealed until the placenta is delivered. This information is with-held to delay stress of the mother if the gender of the child is not of her preference until after the placenta is delivered. One of the last rituals in this category includes the performance of Namakarana (a ceremony done to name the child). This is held between the tenth and forty-first days of life. This particular ceremony marks the childs formal entry into his or her seat of Hinduism. Names are chosen according to astrology (BeliefNet, 2012) and a consultation is done in deciding the name of the child and usually names of Hindu gods or goddess are chosen and preferable. Hindus believe this tradition is special and a blessing because you will have an added benefit of remembering how your child was named. Infant Feeding Typically a newborn baby in the Hindu culture is breastfed; the belief is that by feeding the child breast milk, mothers are worshipped by the Hindu goddess Durga (the mother goddess). It is believed that breast milk is thought to have special powers which are in their religious text as the Sushrauta Samhita. These texts also recommend delaying breastfeeding until true milk comes in. (McKenna, 2009). Following religious beliefs a mothers colostrum and prelacteal feeding is discarded. Among some Hindus colostrums is discarded because of a belief that its thickness and viscosity may be difficult for the newborn to swallow. Also, there are beliefs that the first breast milk is stale or old from being stored in the breasts for the duration of the pregnancy (McKenna, 2009). Mothers ensure that their breasts are washed and all colostrums are discarded for the first day until the true milk comes in. Hindus also believe that by discarding the colostrum they are purifying the tubes of the mot hers mammary glands. Prior to the mothers giving their child the true milk, Hindus give prelacteals which their religious beliefs and cultural backgrounds state they are to have positive effects on the babys gastrointestinal and genitourinary systems. Hindus use prelacteals like honey and ghee, which are thought to evacuate meconium, reduce colic and act as a laxative (McKenna, 2009). When the infant reaches an age of six or seven months an Annaprasana ceremony is performed for the first solid foods. Annaprasanas meaning is anna= rice and prasana= to enter, thus the reasoning why rice is typically the first food given, and is given at this ceremony. The difference of the month for the ceremony depends on the gender of the child. A girl childs ceremony is held on an odd month, while a boys ceremony would be on an even month. When a baby gets solid food for the first time numerous prayers are offered to the child. It is believed with Annaprasana that the flaws that arise due to intake of impure food are removed. At the ending of this ceremony different articles such as books, fruits, toys and money are spread in front of the child. The baby is allowed to touch these items and it is believed that what the baby touches first will be his interest for rest of its life. Post Partum Beliefs Typically in most Indian cultures after a baby is born there is a lot of family support for the mother and many believe that the baby is to be handled as little as possible to allow its spine to grow normally. For the post partum women sponge baths are usually done (Leifer, 2011) in the Hindu culture. Usually the woman who delivered the child is kept in seclusion for 40 days postpartum (Leifer, 2011). This time of seclusion allows for bonding of the woman and child and immediate family. After this bonding time is complete then other family, friends and presents are welcomed into the home of the child. A traditional art of painting the skin with Henna is also performed on the woman after having a baby. Hennaing a woman after she gives birth is a traditional way to deter the malevolent spirits that cause disease, depression, and poor bonding with her infant. The action of applying henna to a mother after childbirth, particularly to her feet, keeps her from getting up to resume housewor k. A woman who has henna paste on her feet must let a friend or relative help her care for older children, tend the baby, cook and clean. This allows her to regain her strength and bond with her new baby (Cartwright Jones, 2002). Personal Reflection The process and importance of having a child in the Hindu religion really intrigues me. Although every culture finds importance and happiness in the process of a new child being welcomed into their family, the Hindu religion has opened my eyes into how special and meaningful this process can be. All the ceremonies and special activities that are done to embrace this beautiful time in life made me wish some of these special events were incorporated in modernized Canadian cultures. I truly believe that having this much culture and religious belief incorporated into having a child makes it even more special. It is very important as a nurse that you take the time and consideration to value all the different areas that cultures around the world celebrate and embrace different parts of life, such as having a baby. As a nurse you must be respectful of each and every persons beliefs and be culturally aware that every person regardless of race, color or culture may choose to embrace this part of life in their own way. It is the responsibility of the nurses and health professionals to make this the best possible experience for them and in turn being respectful to their wishes, regardless if they are different than your own.

the war scare :: essays research papers

The War Scare  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   It has been said that the United States is just like the Roman Empire. We started off small, became a great power, and hit a high point in life, all of which have happened to the United States. Now, in the twenty-first century, we are putting ourselves in places and positions that many believe that we do not belong in. For Example, in the country of Afghanistan, we have â€Å"worn out our welcome†. We went over there, set up American businesses, and basically took over their business flow. We have been asked nicely to leave, been told to leave, and finally threatened, but we did not take it seriously enough. Well, our decisions have come back to haunt us. Now, we face the fate of the great Roman Empire. Falling to our knees and being crushed, or at least bumped down below a world power.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  On September eleventh, two thousand and one, our world was smacked in the face and pushed to its knees. The United States has reason to believe that a known terrorist, Osama Bin Laden, organized the high-jacking of four transcontinental flights, and told them to crash into both the World Trade Center towers, the Pentagon, and the White House. At eight o-clock, Central Time, the first plane hit one of the World Trade Center towers, and five minutes later, the other tower was hit. Millions stood and watched the buildings burn, and eventually fall. Our head for all military operations, the Pentagon, was crashed into, and the whole West Side was destroyed. The last flight crashed harmlessly into a field in Pennsylvania, thanks to the people who sacrificed their lives to save others. The world was getting back on its feet, the damage was being picked up, and the United States was living up to its name for once. However, it was not over yet, for a plague had begun to sp read across our land. Letters that had been filled with anthrax were being sent to senators, heads of major companies, and other high positioned people in the U.S. The first case of anthrax that was fatal happened in North Carolina while the victim was sitting by a stream. It was believed that the deadly spores could not leak out of the sealed envelope, and if they did, it would not be in large enough numbers to harm anyone, especially postal workers. When the first case died of inhalation anthrax, the government was jumping all over it, and then two postal workers died of inhalation anthrax because they just handled the mail that had anthrax spores in them.

Australian Cultural Identity

The Australian poet Bruce Dawe was one of the first Australian poets to recognise the average Australian as one who neither lives in the country or in the centre of a metropolis but in the middle class suburbs that expand outward from the cities. He writes for the great middle mass of Australian population about matters of social, political and cultural interests. Though Dawe is well aware of the sense of the ironic in city and suburban life in Australia that not all is well in the average Australian’s life in suburbia.Bruce Dawe poems often concern’s the average Australian people in the suburbs confronting their everyday problems, he observes and records the sorrow and hardships of average people struggling to survive. Our cultural identity even a stereotypical view of Australian’s is that we’re laconic, anti authority and we live in egalitarian society. Bruce Dawe’s views on Australian cultural identity are represented in ‘Life Cycle’ ‘Up The Wall’ and ‘Homo Suburbiensis’. ‘Life Cycle’ represents the proud and passionate nature of Australian people especially at sporting events.Life Cycle is obviously about Australian Rules Football and football team’s supporters from when they are young to when they are old. Their feeble passion for their club when they are young â€Å"Carn, Carn they Cry †¦feebly at first’ to when they are old and proud and passionate supporters. They are brought up from the beginning with football in their blood, when they play football and win they are praised and showered with glory but when they lose they are shunned by proud parents.Dawe is well aware of the excesses, the lunacies of the Australian Rules supporter but the poem is not attacking what might appear to be an Australian social evil. Dawe borrows many liturgical statements to emphasise the passion of Australian Rules followers. â€Å"They will not grow old as those from more Northern States grow old’ borrowed from Binyon’s â€Å"To the Fallen† links in with the patriotic Anzacs who fought against the odds with pride and dignity. The football followers are patriotic about their team and the true followers support their team through thick and thin.On the football field race and ethnicity mean nothing it is forgotten, physical prowess and class of the player dictate people’s views on the player. You would love him or hate him depending on which team you followed. A strong image of an Australian society that is proud and passionate is represented in ‘Life Cycle’ but sometimes this pride and passion is taken to seriously and it can ruin the sport and turn it into something of a social evil. Bruce Dawe in ‘Life Cycle’ represents the football as a culture, a religion, away of life for many Australian people.Sport in Australia is significantly more popular then in most places in the world as Bruce Dawe said when he commented on ‘Life Cycle’ â€Å"I think all Australians have something of a predisposition to treat sport as being just a bit more religious than in other places’. Just looking at the newspapers and it’s obvious that football dominates the sport section it is Australia’s national game an icon that only Australian’s know. Bruce Dawe recognises how significant sport in particular Australian Rules is to the average Australian it is away of life a culture.Chicken Smallhorn a former Fitzroy wingman that gained god like status among the Fitzroy followers for his exploits on the football field, â€Å"Chicken Smallhorn return like maize-god in a thousand shapes, the dancers changing† Like race and ethnicity religion is forgotten on the football field, all players and supporters have one religion or aim rather to win the Grand Final and place their hands on the premiership trophy, the holy grail of football. Like a religion the s upporters hope for salvation, whenever their team is losing and having a terrible season they hope their clubs season will change they remain optimistic.â€Å"Having seen the six-foot recruit from Eaglehawk their hope for salvation† The true supporters remain through the slumps of their club they believe in their club it is their religion. The poem ‘Homo Suburbiensis’ represents a classical suburban household set on a quarter-acre block with a flower garden and lawn in front and a vegetable garden with lawn at the back. Dawes view of Australian cultural identity is that where people live in the typical Australian suburbs where it is an egalitarian society which is laidback and laconic.The imagery suggests that Dawe is both celebrating suburbia, while in some ways puts down the suburban householders dreams The rich smell of â€Å"compost† and â€Å"rubbish†. The space taken vastly by overcrowds dry land with drying plants represent the overcrowding o f suburbia. His thoughts are lost escaping the pressures that comes with life. The traffic unescapable to his mind. Dawe shows a sympathetic look towards this person â€Å"lost in a green confusion†, as even in the retreat of his backyard he still cannot escape the lifestyle of suburbs.Though in comparison to a woman’s life in the suburbs it is significantly better. The peace, beauty of nature and freedom he encounters in is backyard allows him to relax in his middle class life. To be ordinary in Australia, whether in the suburbs or in the city, is the norm for men to hide their concerns and troubles. The image of green beauty, fertile and fecard backyard and the man admiring his backyard in middle class suburbia represents the laconic laidback attitude and the peace he encounters in his backyard.This is a good example of an ordinary life, as this particular person needs to escape the pressures, which highlight â€Å"TIME, PAIN, LOVE, HATE, AGE, EMOTION, and LAUGHTERà ¢â‚¬ . All which are present and Dawe makes that aware of an ordinary Australian life. Being achieved in his back yard. Representative of a modest life but a life lived fully in suburbia. A clear image in ‘Homo Suburbiensis’ is of your typical Australian bloke, who comes home after work and relaxes in his backyard as the sunsets. This is part of the Australian dream to come home after work do a nice family and relax in the outdoors in a peaceful backyard in suburbia.Bruce Dawe himself was once portrayed as an ordinary bloke with a difference, an Australian ‘Ocker’ who believes in the simple things in life. Dawe maintains that there is one constant value in an unstable world where politics play a major role. The man is a suburban householder with an ordinary Australian life standing alone in his backyard on a quiet evening among his vegetables. Dawe understand the ordinary life of a man as when he was younger he didn’t hold a regular job and ‘k nocked around’ giving him a rich experience of the occupations of an ordinary man.He also understands the language of the common man and writes in simple everyday language. The laconic wit of the ordinary working-man, backyard speech patterns combined with Dawes own flair for word play allowed him to create the everyday common Australian in such poems as ‘Homo Suburbiensis’. The typical male in suburbia is that of a middle class white Anglo-Saxon with little religious believes but most probably Christian backgrounds. Though this means little in suburbia where everyone is even in their backyard admiring the beauty and peace of Australia.While life is predominantly easy and peaceful for the male life can be significantly harder for women in suburbia. In ‘Up the Wall’ the middle class housewife life is illustrated as hard irritating work. Her isolation is emphasised in the second stanza with the repetition of ‘she says’ this represents the vacuum in which her speech occurs. Her husband similar to the male in ‘Homo Suburbiensis’ is at work all day remains in his masculine world at home within the suburbs offers little help and pays little attention to his wife. There is little sense of community and support within the Australian suburbs.The male voice only appears in the concluding couplet where the final powerful appraisal is made of the poems content. The domestic life of the housewife after he has spoken the matter ends. This structure replicates the power of the masculine head of the household all be it in the 160’s but we still live in a patriarchal society. It also reveals the disjuncture between the masculine and feminine worlds and how little he appreciates what his wife goes through each day. The presence of his ‘fraud’ contrasts heavily with her aloneness.The Cultural identity for women and men varies; men are laidback laconic ‘ockers’ while women are middle class housewives without a job. The structure and form of ‘Up the Wall’ allows us to sympathise with the housewife’s life in the suburbs. Dawe uses the Shakespearean sonnet form ironically; the readers expectations of the form as a portrayal of love are dismantled just as the reader’s assumption about marriage are overturned. The iambic pentameter is used to represent the restriction; monotony and tension of a suburban housewife live in the 160’s.It also challenges the reader’s expectations as we sympathise with her as she struggles through everyday while her anger and tension rises. Other poetic techniques such as caesura and enjambment are used also to represent the constant interruption to her day and the rising anger and tension she feels in her repetitious life in suburbia. She has little cultural identity just one of a middle class suburban housewife in 160’s Australia. The average Australian living in the middle class suburbs that ex pands outward from the cities has a strong cultural identity.Dawe represent Australia as a suburban based country with strong links to sport while being laconic and laidback. Men enjoy a laconic lifestyle enjoying sport while women have a less enjoyable lifestyle suffering from the stress and tension of being a middle class housewife in suburbia. Bruce Dawe writes poems for these ordinary Australian’s about matters that interest them such as political, social and cultural concerns. Dawe celebrates aspects of urban and suburban life while also satirically criticising suburbia, where Dawe believes the heart of Australian cultural identity can be found, suburbia.

The Different Periods of Ancient Greek Art

The Different Periods of Ancient Greek Art As it happened centuries later with a handful of Renaissance painters, ancient Greek art tends to be thought of in vague terms- vases, statues and architecture produced a long (unspecified) time ago. Indeed, a long time has passed between us and ancient Greece, and thinking like this is a good starting point, really. The vases, sculpture and architecture were huge innovations, and artists forever afterward owed an enormous debt to the ancient Greeks. Because so many centuries and different phases encompass ancient Greek art what well try to do rather briefly is to break it down into some manageable chunks, thus giving each period its due. Its important to know that ancient Greek art was mainly comprised of vases, sculpture and architecture, lasted around 1,600 years, and covered a number of of different periods. The Different Phases of Ancient Greek Art There were many phases from the 16th century BC until the Greeks suffered defeat at the hands of the Romans at the Battle of Actium in 31 BC. The phases are roughly as follows: Mycenaean Art occurred from roughly 1550-1200 BC on the Greek mainland. Although the Mycenaean and Greek cultures were two separate entities, they occupied the same lands successively. The latter learned a few thing from the former, including how to build gates and tombs. Besides architectural explorations including Cyclopean masonry and beehive tombs, the Mycenaeans were awesome goldsmiths and potters. They raised pottery from merely functional to beautifully decorative, and segued right out of the Bronze Age into their own insatiable appetite for gold. One suspects that that the Mycenaeans were so wealthy they werent satisfied with a humble alloy.Around 1200 and the Homeric fall of Troy, the Mycenaean culture dwindled and died, followed by an artistic phase known both as Sub-Mycenaean and/or the Dark Ages. This phase, lasting from c. 1100-1025 BC, saw a bit of continuity with the previous artistic doings, but no innovation.From c. 1025-900 BC, the Proto-Geometric phase saw pottery beginning to be decorated with simple shapes, black bands, and wavy lines. Additionally, technique in the shaping of pots was being refined as well. Geometric Art has been assigned the years of 900-700 BC. Its name is utterly descriptive of the art created during this phase. Pottery decoration moved beyond simple shapes to also include animals and humans. Everything, however, was rendered with the use of simple geometric shapes.Archaic Art, from c. 700-480 BC, began with an Orientalizing Phase (735-650 BC). In this, elements from other civilizations began to creep into Greek art. The elements were those of the Near East (not exactly what we think of as the Orient now, but remember the world was a lot smaller in those days).The Archaic phase is best known for the beginnings of realistic depictions of humans and monumental stone sculptures. It was during the Archaic period that the limestone kouros (male) and kore (female) statues were created, always depicting young, nude, smiling persons. Note: The Archaic and subsequent Classical and Hellenistic periods each contained separate Early, High, and Late phases just like the Italian R enaissance would further on down the road. Classical Art (480-323 BC) was created during a golden age, from the time Athens rose to prominence to Greek expansion and right up until the death of Alexander the Great. It was during this period that human statues became so heroically proportioned. Of course, they were reflective of Greek Humanistic belief in the nobility of man and, perhaps, a desire to look a bit like gods. They were also the result of the invention of metal chisels finally capable of working marble.Hellenistic Art (323-31 BC)- quite like Mannerism- went a wee bit over the top. By the time Alexander had died and things got chaotic in Greece as his empire broke apart, Greek sculptors had mastered carving marble. They were so technically perfect that they began to sculpt impossibly heroic humans. People simply do not look as flawlessly symmetrical or beautiful in real life as those sculptures portray, which may explain why the sculptures remain so popular after all these years.

articles essays

articles essays From 1781 to 1789 the Articles of Confederation did not provide the United States with an effective government. The remarkably weak central government provoked a hostile environment within the United States and led to the diminishing of the country politically and economically. Under the Articles of Confederation, tensions in the United States threatened peace and unity. With such a weak and powerless central government, the states acted as individual countries. Numerous states had no choice but to cede land to the federal government. This was the result of the inability of the states to control territories which were too spread out too far. In Document E, it is made apparent that New York had to yield most of its Midwest territory. In 1785, Massachusetts gave up parts of Michigan formally owned by New York four years earlier. If land was not ceded, war would have been a likely result between the states. As the idea of the coming together of the states deteriorated, the British were still present, upholding forts in the United States. In Document D, John Jay is ordering the departure of Britain from United States territory. Because there were only state militias, the power of each was only a portion of what an army should be. John Jay held litt le control and even less power in the situation with Britain. The necessary army was not willing to cooperate due to the governments failure to pay promised requests as seen in Document C. A similar situation with Spain shown in document F led to the same conclusions. The Mississippi River was a vital element of commerce and without a strong foreign relationship the river was inaccessible to American traders. Without a strong central government, foreign relations lacked the necessary control. The Articles of Confederation nearly destroyed the country financially and politically. Lacking stability, the United States government was unsound and because t ...

(book) norwegian wood by HARUKI MURAKAMI Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

(book) norwegian wood by HARUKI MURAKAMI - Essay Example The sensitive portrayal of the Japanese youth who were caught in the web of contrasting culture of the East and the West, has turned into a universal appeal for understanding. The protagonist of the novel is Toru Wantabe who becomes nostalgic about his student days when he hears his favourite Beatle song ‘Norwegian Wood’ while travelling on the plane. The book is his flashback into his student life while he was studying in the University of Tokyo. The protagonist, throughout his recollection, has maintained a tender spot for the love of his life and at the same time his encounters with death, in the form of suicide have forced him to contemplate the wider meaning of life. The author has seemingly used death as a reconciliatory medium as well as that of alienation so much so that it has almost become a second theme of the novel. The book is a subtle love story of Toru and Naoko who are probably caught by circumstances into a relationship. Naoko was the girlfriend of Toru’s best friend, Kizuku. After Kizuku commits suicide at the age of 17, Naoko is lost in grief and subsequently, loses touch with Toru. They meet each other after a year in Tokyo where both of them, have gone to study. They are drawn towards each other through their common friend, who is dead. Each of them want to keep in contact because it brings them closer to Kizuku, who is more alive than dead, in the memories of the two characters. The inability of the characters to move away from the past is the bond that ultimately becomes the main cause of their separation. Though initially, Toru befriends Naoko because she was a link with his best friend but later, his feelings change into love or so he thinks. The author has used the protagonist to represent the contemporary youth who are shy to proclaim their love but are least hesitant to experiment with sex on a casual and

Mediums of painting, sculpture, or architecture Essay

Mediums of painting, sculpture, or architecture - Essay Example In today’s world there are many mediums for painting being used by an Artist. Some of the medium includes oil tempera, oil paints, gouache, pastels, water colors and acrylic. Acrylic paint has a quality that it takes little time to get dry and contains pigments which can easily be diluted with water. Pastels have three different forms, the hard, soft and pastel pencils. Amongst which, the soft pastels are widely used by artists because it has the pigments are at a higher portion but has less binder. Hard pastels contain high binding quality but with less pigments and pastel pencils are pencils which contain lead. Tempera is a medium which consists of colored pigments and allow greater precision for the artist. Water colors need water to show their true color and then become transparent. Therefore, other mediums are used with water colors in order to give special effect. As so rightly described by Nicolas Poussin that â€Å"Painting is the lover of beauty and the queen of the arts†, I am greatly attracted towards painting but the medium which I dearly like is Tempera. This is because the medium provides an artist with smooth matte finish and its history can be found in early Egyptian sarcophagi in which they use to decorate mummy portraits. In this medium egg is been used as a binding force which is mostly used in canvas or wood panels. Unlike paints, the color would not change when it dries up and it would not even grow transparent over time.The paper explores the relationship between an artist and a patron.

Defintion essay on leisure time Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Defintion on leisure time - Essay Example Thesis statement: Do spare time or leisure time varies among countries and individuals or not. Leisure time and children: The time spent by children for leisure time activities varies depending upon factors like economic condition, culture etc. In America and Europe, children are far ahead in spending their leisure time. Compared to North Americans, East Asians are far behind in spending their leisure time. But children in European countries are above North Americans and below East Asians in leisure time usage. But when one considers elders, the senior citizens get more leisure time and engage in different types of activities. The middle aged people do not get sufficient time to engage in leisure time activities. When one considers the younger generation, they get enough time to engage in leisure time activities. The leisure time activities of children include games, sports, cultural dealings amusement and community service. In the middle-childhood, they indulge in computer usage, watching television, art activities, sports, reading, church activities, housework, shopping etc . In the journal article ‘The Benefits of Adult Piano Study as Self-Reported by Selected Adult Piano Students’ from the ERIC academic database, Peter J Jutras makes clear that: â€Å"Findings suggest that students are interested in technical improvement, but they also place high value on the enjoyment and self-growth† (Peter 1) student community shows much interest in wise usage of their leisure time. For instance, when they involve in playing piano, they does not consider it as mere enjoyment but they also consider the technical improvement and self-growth. So, one can see that children are in fond of leisure time and really enjoy the same. But the adults engage in team sports like soccer, volleyball, basket ball etc, and women spend time for

Did Charles I Succeed in Implementing Royal Absolutism Essay Example for Free

Did Charles I Succeed in Implementing Royal Absolutism Essay I succeed in implementing royal absolutism during the period of Personal Rule? Royal absolutism is a state of government whereby the monarch rules supreme, with virtually no legislative power placed in other organisations such as Parliament. For the people of England in the 1630s, it was a very real threat. After the dissolving of Parliament in 1629, Charles I embarked on his Personal Rule. Without analysing whose fault the breakdown in relations was, it was probably the only thing Charles could do in the circumstances. Certainly, no dialogue with Parliament was possible. After 1629, the country became particularly distrustful of the King. Charles problem was he was an inept ruler whose belief in such ideas as the Divine Right of Kings and Royal Prerogative meant that he did not moderate his beliefs publicly. England needed stability, the Continent was a very real threat at the time, and England needed a monarch to represent England and its peoples principles. Unfortunately, Charles was not the right person. There is much debate over the legitimacy of the image Charles attempted to portray during Personal Rule. Evidence suggests Charles was simply a ‘collector of fine arts’, and simply wished to add lustre to his monarchy. The counter-argument is that paintings of Charles, the most famous of which were created by European artist Van Dyke, were presenting Charles as a ‘divine king’, implementing absolutism with images of the King atop large horses, looking out over his kingdom. Did Charles use these artworks to transform his public images, lend majesty to his physical attributes and glorify Monarchy? His clothes were often flamboyant, portraying wealth and royalty. His face, calm and relaxed, implying that the King is laid back and in control. This lack of emotion can also portray Charles a s a cool, calm and collected person, who has no trouble maintaining his vast Kingdom. The Court was the central point for Charles’ rule, a model for a reformed government and state. It was a microcosm of the Kingdom Charles intended to create and maintain. An example of uniformity and conformity at its finest. In his Court, Charles had made significant changes; the Court was now a completely different place to that of his father’s, James. James allowed his court to be free, letting people goes wherever and whenever they wanted. Charles kept a suppressive rule over his using strict discipline. The court was disorganised under James. Charles replaced it with a formal regime, a model for moral restraint. Following a predominantly Revisionist view, Charles’ Court was simply a reflection of his strongly developed aesthetic sense. It portrayed an insistence on virtues of peace, despite the war. Possibly more than anything else, Charles’ government during the Personal Rule revealed his absolutist intentions more than anything else, starting with the privy Council, a group of the Kings selected advisors, who’s key job was to shape the Monarch’s wishes into policy. Despite Revisionists (such as D. L Smith) believing that Charles â€Å"wished to use the council to implement a far reaching reformation of government†, it was used for a much greater purpose. It was used to remove the need for Parliament, leaving him in full control. He ruled this council with an authoritarian temperament, implying that he even strived for complete control in his own Council. The more powerful courts (also known as the Prerogative courts) were made up of the Star Chamber and the Chamber of High Commission were more powerful than the local or royal courts that would deal with the day to day matters of the Kingdom. These courts would allow Charles to bypass regular laws and decisions made by lower down courts, in order for him to get his own way. Charles had complete control over the Government during his personal rule, and was blatantly portraying the characteristics of an Absolutist monarch. Charles’ financial innovations during his personal rule were an attempt to gain independence, No longer needing money from Parliament would be one step closer to becoming absolute. People may argue that Charles simply needed the money to pay off large debts, also an attempt to neutralise the on-going feud with Parliament. His policies during this time were extremely absolutist. A good example of this is ship money, making it mandatory for all citizens to pay a tax that goes towards funding ships to protect the coasts. The problem was that as well as the people living on the coasts paying this tax, people living in central England were also forced to pay it. This was surely an unfair venture, and caused mass resentment throughout the country. Religion was a key issue during the personal rule, with some believing Charles’ decisions regarding Catholicism and the newly discovered ‘Armenianism’ to be somewhat controversial. Right from the start of his reign, Charles had displayed Catholic sympathies as expressed in Arminianism, which some people called Catholicism under another name. But now with Parliament gone, there was seemingly no-one to keep the Kings beliefs in check and to remind him that England was a Protestant country. The Kings religious beliefs were of special concern thanks to the rapid promotion of William Laud, eventually to Archbishop of Canterbury. Laud was an unpopular figure even by the Kings own supporters. Those opposing the King detested Laud for his Arminian reforms in the Church of England. Unfortunately for Charles, this did tend to unite people against him. The problem was that Puritans and Calvinists who opposed the Arminian innovations had good reason to be concerned. Lauds changes were very Catholic in nature, including repositioning the altar so that staunch Puritans would say that the minister is blocking the route to God. Laud tried to raise the status of the clergy so that they were equal to any gentleman in England. He ordered that the private pews of the gentry that set them apart from the rest of the congregation be removed. This humiliated them. Arminianism was such an ambiguous idea that, while it was clear that it had many similarities with Catholicism, it was not clear whether it could be compatible with the Church of England. This question was raised directly in 1634 when the Pope offered Laud the position of Cardinal. Of course Laud refused (if he had accepted, there is no doubt that England would have been thrown into turmoil), but his refusal was not strongly enough worded; he said that he could not accept Rome as it is. This seemed to suggest too many Puritans that Laud was intent on moving towards Catholicism, or at least Catholicism independent of Rome. It is important to realise that Laud was a key supporter of Charles and that any criticism levelled at Laud was also at Charles. Laud was the Kings instigator of his religious beliefs. If the King did not believe completely in the principles of the Church of England, this was not a problem that would threaten to bring down the Kings rule. The trouble was the nature of Charles religious eccentricity. As already mentioned, it was very Catholic. And Catholicism was widely feared and hated in England. Charles’ rule was not confined to England. It could be argued that Charles’ rule of Ireland and Scotland were even more problematic than the tensions created in his other kingdoms would, ultimately have dramatic damaging consequences on his rule in England. Through Wentworth, Charles intended to rule in the manner in which he hoped to eventually govern England, absolutely, efficiently and without regard to any interest but that of the crown; in how own word ‘thoroughly’ (Clarke. A). Charles also attempted to extend religious reform to Scotland, which was, in conclusion, rather unsuccessful. After implementing his changes, it was clear to see that Charles was a threat to Scotland’s power, and Scotland knew this too. In an extremely absolutist manner, Charles had attempted to revoke many titles to Scottish crown and church lands that Scottish nobles had acquired since 1540. To conclude, Charles was most definitely an Absolutist leader. He strived for financial independence during his rule, following countless feuds with the English Parliament. His councils and chambers were able to bypass common law, therefore rendering him all powerful in that aspect. A second aspect was his court, which was a direct microcosm of what he believed his kingdom should be, a place of conformity and uniformity. Had Charles been successful in his reforms in Ireland and Scotland, he may have pursued to become more powerful, though the revolution soon ended his reign of mediocrity. Most monarchs labelled as absolutist had no greater power to those who were non absolutist. Was absolutism simple a label used to emphasise difference between the rhetoric of monarchs and the realities of the effective use of power by these monarchs? Perhaps. The on-going question of Charles’ absolutist intentions will be never have a definitive answer.

The Culture Practice Of Vani

The Culture Practice Of Vani Culture is the systems or way of life, which is shared by a large number of people. In culture, some practices and activities create the social differences with other social group. Actually the culture is total of activities, and material or spiritual things. It is basically the logical and self made system of value belief as well as set of practice which become their characteristic and move over time to time or generation to generation. It also gives to individual identity and become the part of that culture. (Stavenhagen. R, 1998) The tradition is inheriting elements of culture which move one generation to another. Actually tradition is set of customs or practices, which are regularly, perform in our daily life and which support the people in every circumstances that how they can spend their life. (Stavenhagen. R, 1998) In every culture the tradition and practices are link every one life and dominating their every part of life like birth, marriages death ceremony etc. In Pakistani culture there are some tradition related to marriage are exists like watta satta, Karo Kari, vani, Swara etc.(à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ Vani is a Pashto word derived from Vanay which stands for blood. Vani is culture practice which is very common in Pashtoon families. This cruel custom also practices in Punjab especially in Mianwali and neighboring areas, which becomes there social norm. Mianwali is a region in the north-west of Punjab province, in Pakistan. (Hashmi, A. Koukab, 2004) According to vani it is the method of resolving disputes like Qatal and Zana and settling debts between families and tribes. According to this a custom, female who is the member of criminal males family are married or given to the victims family as a compensation of his sin. These decisions are often final by a Jirga. (Chaudhry.R, 2006). In phaktoon family, girls are given Vani marriage for as compensation of murder, adultery, abduction and kidnapping which is committed by the men of the family. (Usafzai , Ali. Z. 2004) In the tribes vani is practice, which has no written rules and regulation. In vani, If one family or tribe of a village kills member of other family or tribe, then the criminal family or tribe offer a girl or woman to the aggrieved family to settle the enmity.( Khattak, R. 2009). Vani Tradition is an old age tradition. This tradition started almost 400 years ago when two Pathan tribes of Mianwali fought a bloody war. During the war approximately 800 people were killed. At that time Nawab of Tank tried to solve the problem. He called the Girga (jirga) who decided that girls are given as Qisas. Later on this decision became a custom which passed over generation to generation. This tradition is practiced in different areas of Sindh, Punjab and NWFP. (Hashmi, A. Koukab, 2004) These marriages are known as Vani, Sakh, Sawara, Sharam, Khoon Baha, and Sang Chatti with the difference of languages in different areas. (Zofeen T. E, 2006) In Punjab it is known as Vani, Sindh it is known as Sang Chati, Baluchistan it is known as Ijai, and NWFP it is known as Swara. These are an original means of different dispute resolution instrument. (Ramzan, I. 2009) The custom and tradition are unwritten and there are no hard and fast rules. So vani has practice in different ways. Mostly the vani decision is made according to the nature of crime. Hidden vani is the kind of vani when some kind of crime done for which both families are not wanted to open it for the sake of honour then it is done. It is type of secret vani. Mostly these issues are zana either zina bil jabar or zana bill raza. In this type of cases female indirectly convince the male for the particular proposal. (Salamat, R.2007). The second kind of vani which is done in front of tribe, in this case the decision is made by jirga. Mostly the decisions are done according to effected family will. (Salamat, R.2007). In vani custom the relation are decide at the time of decision in Punchayat that can be nikah, engagement or ruksati. In engagement the decision of vani women and men are decide and ruksati are decided later according to both party will. Mostly this decision is done when girls are minor or not born but their decision of marriage is done. In second type of vani is that nikah are done immediately in jirga. This decision is done when severe kind of dispute is between two families. That time parents and no one has permission to delay the nikah. In mostly cases the father or brother accepts the nikah on the behalf of girl. Immediately departure of bride it also part of vani. In some cases the bride leave parents home immediately after the decision of vani and in some cases the day and month of departure are decided in jirga and according to the decision the departure are done. (Salamat, R.2007) In some cases money and property is also given to the victim family with the women. This happen mostly in the cases of long term enmity. Secondly when rich families give vani to poor family then for the betterment of their girl criminal families give property or money to effected family. (Salamat, R. 2007) In the tribal area Vani is performed as beneficial instrument because this practice is resolve the dispute and tie the enemy in strong relation which never breaks again. When there is enmity between two families and tribes due to any reason then people of both tribes arrange the marriage for the sake of new and strong relation. The criminal party accepts crime and gives her female to other party, through giving female to his family is compensation of sin and aggrieved party forgive them. In simple word the girl is used for compensation. (Salamat, R. 2007). The main thinking behind vani is that in dispute effected family actually loss their hounor because of criminal party. Women are consider the hounor of family in that tribal areas so effected party take women of effected family as compensation. So through women actually they return their hounor. (Salamat, R. 2007). According to Islamic law of Qisas and Diyat, in compensation (Badal-i-Sulh)of murder , the criminal paid or given to a Wali, cash or in the form of moveable or movable property, which done according to mutual willingness of both parties and Shariah.( Chaudhry, Sharif, M. 1993). But in vani practice women give to another party as compensation. The some people are poor when they murder some one, then it is impossible for them to pay the Qisas and Diyat. So they give them women for compensation without money. Actually it is wrong. It is done to save the money and property, Due to materialistic world now a day even rich people of tribal areas also give the women as vani and save their money and property. (Salamat, R. 2007). According to vani custom the any girl and women of criminal party accept as vani but in community the custom are not like this. There are some proffered girls or women for compensation purpose. These are sister, daughter, daughter of brother; etc if girl of that criminal party is not available then they can buy the girl and give effected family. But mostly it is preferred that the girl and women are kid of that criminal person or group. In the effected family male member are also required for marriage purpose. There is no specification for male or bride groom. On effected side male can be brother, son, father etc. Mostly that person is chosen who are older, abnormal and those by whom marriage is not possible. (Salamat, R. 2007). It is inhuman and unislamic practice that is violates of women basic human right. It is cruel meanness towards women, treating them as a property and cattle that is used to settle disputes. Women pay for that crime which she never did. This tribal tradition makes the life of thousands of girls a living hell. (Ehsan A. 2006). Violence against women through customary practice like Vani, Watta satta, hounor killing, exists in Pakistan, Which was creating serious disorder in the society and exploit the women life. These practice is become the social norms, Like Vani marriages has become as a social norm in tribal areas of Pakistan. (Hashmi, A. Koukab, Mushtaq. R, 2004). These practice are continuously practice, in 2008 in Pakistan 50 cases of vani are done and under the jirga system and 210 cases of forced marriages are registered. (Awan. A, Z. 2009). Vani is a pre-Islamic tradition which has no scope in Islam. These practices must be condemned and punished. Vani is also against the teachings of Islam. In Islam all marriage prohibited which done under any kind of pressure. The Holy Prophet (PBUH) has at many examples to stop such kind of marriages. These marriages were known as Sabaya, which is practice in the days of Jahiliya (ignorance). In which Arabs used to capture the ladies of enemy and beaten after the battle. Vani is also the example of that marriage in two manners. A woman is married without her consent and punished for that crime which she never committed. Which is restrict in Islam(à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦.. In Islam there is no discrimination between persons on the basis of gender, color, race, nationality, wealth, etc. only the superiority of a person is base on justice, and moral excellence. So how it is possible, that any person exploited the womens life on the name of custom is Islamic practice. Islam gives women respect, honor, right to inherit property, to marry anyone with their own choice and the right to divorce. (à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦.. According to Islamic law a punishment should have four characteristics. It should be disciplinary, retributive, reformative and a limit. But vani has not any of these characteristic, because criminal himself goes free and innocent girl pay their unlimited cost. In Islam, there is no clear responsibility that every person must bear the burden of his/her own actions, and in Islam no concept of women gives as compensation in Badal-i-Sulh. It violates the law of Qisas and Diyat. (Anis, F. 2003) According to Universal Declaration of Human Rights in article 1 that all human being born free and equal right and dignity, but the vani practice is direct conflict with it 1 article. In vani practice the girl punished for those act which she never did. She is also born free and equal right like men. But she exploited in the hand of men and become commodity. As a human being she is free for take any decision, but in vani without her consent she gets marries with any person for revival. Article 16 of Universal Declaration of Human Right, that there is no limitation for any men and women to marry and form a family. Without any discrimination of race, nationality or religion they can enjoy their marriage and family. There is free full consent for both men and women to choose their spouse. But in vani neither the men consent is asked or nor the women consent for marriage. Both men and women force to marrying to end of enmity. (Hashmi, A. Koukab, 2004) The vani practice is also violates the constitutional law. Like in vani women liberty and mobility are restricted but in Article 9 of the Constitution are guarantees that any person whether men and women has freedom of liberty. It also violates Article 4 of the Constitution that guarantees that every citizen has full right to enjoy the protection of the law but in vani practice law dont support her. It has declared in Supreme Court that vani custom un-Islamic and unconstitutional under the Constitution of 1973. (Chaudhry, M.G. Ulfat, A. 2007) Pakistan is the member of CEDAW (Convention on the Elimination of all Forms of Discrimination against Women) which work to protect the women from discrimination, violence against women and protect their rights. In article 16 of CEDAW in which stated that all parties shall take all proper step to eliminate discrimination against woman in all matters relating to marriage and family relations and ensure, on a basis of equality of men and women. In this article man and women both has right to enter in marriage and freely chosen the spouse. But in vani practice there are no concept consent and equal right for marriage. Women oppress for marriage by father, brother or other male member of society. (Hashmi, A. Koukab, 2004) Vani is illegal practice. In 2002, the Chief Justice of Pakistan declared vani as un-Islamic practice. In March 2004 a press reports of the Law and Justice Commission stated that, All people who include in vani decision must be punished. The Commission also came with a draft amendment to article 366-C of the Pakistan Penal Code. According to it: Those entire person who take part in the decision of vani whether any person to offer or accept of women as vani, or whether the part of Punchayat they shall be punished in jail. Which is minimum 3 year or it can exceed 10 years and also liable to a fine. Whether it is done with the consent of both the parties, or it is done with the consent of the female herself, it must be punished. But still this amendment has not been passed. (Chaudhry, M.G. Ulfat, A. 2007) In vani practice marriage are done without the consent of girl so it is also violate the Hudood ordinance section 6 in which force marriage under this practice need to protection of law, because it is illegal. (Hashmi, A. Koukab, 2004) Vani practice is done mostly as child marriage which is prohibited in Islam and all over the world laws. According to UN Convention in which child marriage are prohibited under Rights of Child in article 2. At the same according to Muslim Family Law Ordinance, that at the time of marriage the girl must have reach at the age of 16 and a boy must reached at the age of 18, and both proper consent taken before marriage. According to Punishment for Parent or Guardian Concerned in a Child Marriage Section 6. If any persons promote the child marriage in any case or in any way shall be punished minimum 1 month or with fine which extends to one thousand rupees or with both. But vani mostly girls given over are below the age of 18 which is in conflict with these law and convention. . (Ebrahim, Z. 2009). Government takes initiative against vani, Like Human Rights Commission of Pakistan and different NGOs are working against the custom of vani. The Supreme Court of Pakistan has also taken action of forced marriages in different areas of parts of Sindh, Punjab and N.W.F.P. National Judicial Policy making Committee in a meeting announced that vani is unislamic practice and it must be punished.( Minallah, S. (2007). In 2004 Pervez Musharraf, Pakistans ex- president, passed law against vani during visit by the US president, George Bush. But it didnt implement because of laws limited influence in rural areas. In rural area feudal system is so strong so only 15 vani cases have been tried under the new law in Mianwali. (à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦. There are several cultural factors which become the reasons of violence against women in Pakistan. Patriarchal society, misinterpretation of Islam, and cruel practices in culture are major cause of low women status. Women are considering as object and property. Vani practice is one of the major customary practices which become vital cause of women exploitation. The women pay the cost of that sin which actually they never did. The only sin of women is that she had the blood relation with sinner or criminal. Because of this her whole life are exploited. (Jehanzeb, 2004). If girl married as vani and went to enemy house then there is no place in society. They are treated by their new families without any kindness. Even parents of vani victims are mistreat with her after marriage and not value her sacrificing. They have no place in either home or in-laws. The innocent girls are suffering forever in an environment of opposition Due to psychological trauma it difficult to handle the stressful demand of their husband, children and in-laws. (Jehanzeb, 2004). Vani is considered an evil tradition and sever punishment, especially by the feminists because the main victim is the innocent and wordless girl who sacrifices for the sake of her brothers and parents. It is a cruel behavior towards females because women bear the punishment of that crime which she never committed. (à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦.. According to the annual report of Human Rights Commission of Pakistan (2003), Vani is like of death punishment for victim women. Although they are not physically killed, but the humiliation, abuses and misery which they face in her husband home is terrible punishment which she faces in her whole life. Women face this for that crime which she never did. (p.56) Vani girl is just like a slave in their house, because she comes from the enemys family. The Taunts, curses and violence become the fate of vani women in everyday life, because she has blood relation with that person who killed their loved one. She is a continuously reminder in the in-laws of the death of their loved one. They try to give pain to the girl and her family members. (Ullah Khan, Z. 2006) This custom is like announcement of death sentence for girls, because she knows that she has to live in unwelcoming and miserable scenario till the end of her life. She must lives in aggressive situation and she will never be happy there, because there no one love and care about her. Everyone abuse and taunt her, because she has blood relation with sinner. (Ebrahim, 2006). Vani whether is used properly or is misused, is against the norms of human rights. The vani girl has to bear psychological and mental torture till the end of her life. That girl will have to live in an unsympathetic situation and she will never be happy over there. The innocent girl never understands the cause of pain upon her. Her body, mind and soul would traumatize till she dies. They have to face terrible cost of that decision. (Khan, 2009). Violence against women is not only brings physical injuries, psychological impacts of violence become the cause of pressure on their power of thinking and behaving. This violence leaves a long lasted trauma which with no proper healing. (Babur Udin, Z . 2007). Because of vani women life becomes miserable. So being a mother miserable condition and lack of security makes children turn into indirect victims. Apart from the women suffering problems with self-esteem, their children face severe emotional and behavioral problems growing up with the traumatic. (Jehanzeb, 2004). Violence against women is not only about women violence on sex, or about conflict. It is about control, their mobility, their access to material resources and their both productive and reproductive role (Heise, Ellsberg and Gottemoeller( 1992) highlight:p.2) In patriarchal society women has low status, because man considered as personal properties which control every aspect of lives of women including their life style, behavior and movements etc. Men make the decisions, and women pressurize to follow those decisions in family, tribe, community and society. Because of male dominating society women consider minority in society. (Hassan, 1995).In many tribal areas, women are even not considered as human beings. She is cattle or personal property which used for trade or to settle debts or conflicts. These types of practices become women low status in society. (Shaheed, 1990). In our society women are face discrimination and violence on a daily life, due to the cultural and religious norms and belief. In our society the concept of Char Divari, a term translated literally to mean the four walls of the house restricted women mobility. (Shaheed, F. ghazdar, A.1998) According to social norm women restricted in her father and brother home and after marriage the live in husbands home. There is no other option for her. In the society the proverb like ( aurat baap k ghar ko chorti hai dole mai or shohar k ghar ko coffin mai) mean women leave father home in bridal palanquin and that of their husbands only in coffin. These types of social norms restricted women mobility. She faces psychological and physical violence but never dare to leave it.( shaheed,F. ghazdar,A.1998) In vani practice at the time of departure no brides are made in proper way and when she leave the father home that time their relative and parents weep bitterly because they know that now her mobility is restricted. Even she never allows coming parents home expect particular occasion. (Salamat, R. 2007). In our society women continuously become the victims of this senseless violence. The hounor of family associated with women. Through out life it is internalized on her in socialization that family hounor are linked with her action. Women spend whole life in submission and fear that she doesnt do any thing which becomes the result of family dishonored in society. (Shaheed, F. ghazdar, A.1998) All her life she faces threats. She accepts all kind of violence for the sake of father, brother, or husband hounor and actually these relation makes women lives more miserable. So through out whole life women have pressure to safe the hounor of male and family in society. In vani same women has social pressure to safe the life and hounor of his male member of family. For the sake of his family so-called honour she spend whole life in hell (Babur Udin, Z. 2007) According to Human rights lawyer Hina Jilani (1998, p.143), women protection in the name of family honour from immoral activities is done for the sake of social morality actually is the oppression of basic human rights of women. Gender-based violence included physical, psychological violence on women, which is done by her husband or by another person family. Physical violence includes torture beating burning and murdering of woman. Psychological violence includes verbal aggression, humiliation, abuse, taunt etc. (International Planned Parenthood Federation (2000). When vani women went husband home where she face physical violence like beating, torture of husband or other family member and also psychological violence like curses, abuse, taunt then how her life are secured. This violence has no limitation, women face it till death. (U, Ubaid. K, Ullah, Zia. F, Aliya. 2006)