Periodic Table of Elements Thorium Facts

Atomic Number: 90 Symbol: Th Atomic Weight: 232.0381 Discovery: Jons Jacob Berzelius 1828 (Sweden) Electron Configuration: [Rn] 6d2 7s2 Word Origin: Named for Thor, the Norse god of war and thunder Isotopes: All of the isotopes of thorium are unstable. The atomic masses range from 223 to 234. Th-232 occurs naturally, with a half-life of 1.41 x 1010 years. It is an alpha emitter that goes through six alpha and four beta decay steps to become the stable isotope Pb-208. Properties: Thorium has a melting point of 1750Â °C, boiling point ~4790Â °C, specific gravity of 11.72, with a valence of 4 and sometimes 2 or 3. Pure thorium metal is an air-stable silvery white which can retain its luster for months. Pure thorium is soft, very ductile, and capable of being drawn, swaged, and cold-rolled. Thorium is dimorphic, going from a cubic structure to a body-centered cubic structure at 1400Â °C. The melting point of thorium oxide is 3300Â °C, which is the highest melting point of the oxides. Thorium is attacked slowly by water. It does not readily dissolve in most acids, except hydrochloric acid. Thorium contaminated by its oxide will slowly tarnish to gray and finally black. The physical properties of the metal are highly dependent on the amount of oxide that is present. Powdered thorium is pyrophoric and must be handled with care. Heating thorium turnings in air will cause them to ignite and burn with a brilliant white light. Thorium disintegrates to p roduce radon gas, an alpha emitter and radiation hazard, so areas where thorium is stored or handled require good ventilation. Uses: Thorium is used as a nuclear power source. The internal heat of the earth is largely attributed to the presence of thorium and uranium. Thorium is also used for portable gas lights. Thorium is alloyed with magnesium to impart creep resistance and high strength at elevated temperatures. The low work function and high electron emission make thorium useful for coating tungsten wire used in electronic equipment. The oxide is used to make lab crucibles and glass with a low dispersion and high index of refraction. The oxide is also used as a catalyst in converting ammonia to nitric acid, in producing sulfuric acid, and in petroleum cracking. Sources: Thorium is found in thorite (ThSiO4) and thorianite (ThO2 UO2). Thorium may be recovered from monzonite, which contains 3-9% ThO2 associated with other rare earths. Thorium metal can be obtained by reducing thorium oxide with calcium, by reduction of thorium tetrachloride with an alkali metal, by electrolysis of anhydrous thorium chloride in a fused mixture of potassium and sodium chlorides, or by reduction of thorium tetrachloride with anhydrous zinc chloride. Element Classification: Radioactive Rare Earth (Actinide) Thorium Physical Data Density (g/cc): 11.78 Melting Point (K): 2028 Boiling Point (K): 5060 Appearance: gray, soft, malleable, ductile, radioactive metal Atomic Radius (pm): 180 Atomic Volume (cc/mol): 19.8 Covalent Radius (pm): 165 Ionic Radius: 102 (4e) Specific Heat (20Â °C J/g mol): 0.113 Fusion Heat (kJ/mol): 16.11 Evaporation Heat (kJ/mol): 513.7 Debye Temperature (K): 100.00 Pauling Negativity Number: 1.3 First Ionizing Energy (kJ/mol): 670.4 Oxidation States: 4 Lattice Structure: Face-Centered Cubic Lattice Constant (Ã…): 5.080 References: Los Alamos National Laboratory (2001), Crescent Chemical Company (2001), Langes Handbook of Chemistry (1952), CRC Handbook of Chemistry Physics (18th Ed.)

Motivation and its centrality to successful business...

Motivation and its centrality to successful business practice Motivation Motivation is a key factor when managing any business. Motivation is important for a high productivity level. Productivity measures the relationship between the inputs into the business and the resulting output: There are several ways of measuring productivity: * Output per worker * Output per hour / day / week * Output per machine (if the business includes machinery). Unit costs divide the total costs by the number of units produced Unit costs = Total Costs / Units of output Stock levels A business will usually set itself a level of finished goods that it should receive. This is designed to satisfy the demand expected by the†¦show more content†¦When a company works in a production line they allow the mass production of consumer goods. Every job on a production line is simple and repetitive, and requires little training for the worker. Only basic needs would be met – pay, a job, a safe working environment. An employee though has the threat of losing their job which can easily be replaced. There are a number of advantages and disadvantages of working in a large organization. Here are some of them: Advantages: 1. More opportunities for promotion and career development. 2. More opportunities to take responsibility and make decisions when higher up the organisation. 3. Higher wages and bonuses for some workers if the company is successful. 4. More people to meet and make friends with 5. Company pension schemes and better health and safety schemes. Disadvantages: 1. Many workers will have low skilled and poorly paid jobs. 2. Less job security if the company is unsuccessful. 3. Close supervision over what workers are doing. 4. Production line jobs are boring and repetitive. 5. Poor communication and relations between workforce and management. Many people have wondered what people like and dislike about their job, Frederick Herzberg carried out some research during the 1960s to find out people’s opinions about their jobs. He took a sample of people at different levels in different jobs and asked them two questions: 1) What is itShow MoreRelatedBechmarking: Riordan Essay1138 Words   |  5 Pagesintends to discover the best practices of companies that have solved issues comparable to Riordan Manufacturings concerns. Its the best way to find solutions involving companies in the same industry, and then finding solutions to similar issues faced by companies in other industries. General Motors and Verizon are companies that have faced decreased sales and employee concerns over employee reward issues. In Riordan Manufacturing case, they have developed a new business strategy and provide newRead MoreGi s New Belief System1717 Words   |  7 Pagesbe encapsulated in the values that are recommended. 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Uninsured free essay sample

The ratio was even higher at for-profit hospitals charging 4. 10 times more for the same procedures. The uninsured paid 3. 07 times more than the Medicare rates paid to Hospitals. Allowing minor medical conditions to go untreated or preventative medicine to be ignored will only increase the cost of health care in later years of life. Immunizations, examinations, and keeping people healthy is much cheaper than allowing problems to fester and later become much more expensive medical emergencies. When people become very sick and cant keep a Job, r reach the age of 65 years, they are covered under Medicare or Medicaid. Later, more expensive years of life that will be covered by government funding and our tax dollars. Health care costs for the uninsured are paid for in higher costs, higher premiums, and government programs paid for with tax dollars. We already pay for the uninsured. The question is, how do we reduce health care costs we already pay for? We reduce costs with preventive medicine and keeping Americans healthy. We will write a custom essay sample on Uninsured or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page This article is an excerpt of Eric Wilsons groundbreaking new book, What You Dont Know Can Hurt America: A Voters Guide. Purchase the e-book here. Tagged with: emergency room visits health insurance hospitalizations public option taxpayer Uninsured About The Author Scott Cooney Scott Cooney (twitter: scottcooney) is an adjunct professor Sustainability in the MBA program at the University of Hawaii, green business startup coach, author of Build a Green Small Business: Profitable Ways to Become an Ecopreneur (McGraw-Hill), and developer of the sustainability board game GBO Hawaii. As a serial eco-entrepreneur who has started, grown and sold multiple green businesses, Scott believes that apitalism, true capitalism, can be a powerful force for change, but that our current version of capitalism is severely hampered by perverse subsidies and negative externalities that make unsustainable products less expensive than healthier alternatives. Scott is a vegetarian, an avid cyclist, and an organic gardener. Find Scott on Google Plus Visit Authors Website †+ One Response to Who pays for the uninsured, and how much? The Individual Mandate I Talking Philosophy says: April 2, 2012 at 4M 5 AM Obviously enough, when a hospital provides free medical care to the uninsured, t still must be paid for. After all, medical personnel do not work for free nor do the supplies and equipment needed for treatment come free. While hospitals do try to collect from the uninsured patients, this often does not cover the bill. After all, most people who are uninsured are without insurance because they cannot afford it rather than as a matter of choosing to forgo it. As such, the costs must be passed on to those who have insurance as well as on to the state. It is estimated that covering the bills of the uninsured adds $1 500 to a familys insurance pr.